a. TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving)

TRIZ is a problem-solving methodology based on studying patterns of invention in the global patent literature. Developed by Genrich Altshuller, it offers a systematic approach to finding inventive solutions by identifying patterns in successful innovations.

• Core Principles:
  • Contradictions: TRIZ identifies contradictions within problems (e.g., improving one aspect worsens another). Instead of compromising, TRIZ aims to resolve these contradictions.
  • 40 Inventive Principles: These are universal strategies derived from analyzing thousands of patents, offering solutions to common problems.
  • Evolutionary Patterns of Systems: TRIZ recognizes that systems evolve in predictable patterns, and understanding these patterns helps guide innovative solutions.
• Example: In product design, a company wants to make a material stronger (desirable) without increasing its weight (undesirable). TRIZ offers ways to solve such contradictions, like utilizing new materials or design techniques.

b. Design Thinking

Design Thinking is a human-centered, iterative approach used to solve complex problems. It focuses on understanding the user, challenging assumptions, and redefining problems to identify alternative strategies.

• Stages:
  • Empathize: Understand the problem from the user’s perspective by observing, engaging, and empathizing with them.
  • Define: Clearly articulate the core problem that needs solving.
  • Ideate: Brainstorm a wide range of possible solutions, encouraging out-of-the-box thinking.
  • Prototype: Build low-cost, scaled-down versions of the product or solution to test key aspects.
  • Test: Gather feedback from users and refine the solution based on their responses.
• Example: A health tech company uses Design Thinking to develop a new medical device by closely engaging with healthcare professionals and patients to address unmet needs.

2. Problem-Solving Frameworks and Techniques

Inventive problem-solving benefits from the use of specific frameworks, tools, and techniques that guide the process:

a. SCAMPER

SCAMPER is a creativity tool used to stimulate thinking by exploring different ways to innovate or improve existing products or services. It stands for:

• Substitute: What can be substituted to improve the solution?
• Combine: What can be combined to create synergy?
• Adapt: How can something be adapted for a better outcome?
• Modify: What can be modified for improvement?
• Put to another use: Can it be used for another purpose?
• Eliminate: What can be removed to simplify or improve?
• Reverse: What can be reversed or reengineered to offer a new perspective?

b. Six Thinking Hats

Developed by Edward de Bono, this method helps groups think more effectively by focusing on different types of thinking:

• White Hat: Focuses on facts and data.
• Red Hat: Considers emotions and feelings.
• Black Hat: Looks at potential risks or problems.
• Yellow Hat: Focuses on positives and benefits.
• Green Hat: Encourages creativity and new ideas.
• Blue Hat: Facilitates organization and process control.

c. Root Cause Analysis

Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is a systematic process for identifying the underlying causes of problems. Techniques like the 5 Whys help dig deeper into the problem by repeatedly asking “why” until the fundamental issue is uncovered.

• Example: If a machine stops working, asking “why” might reveal that it ran out of oil. Asking again may show that maintenance was neglected, leading to the root cause of insufficient maintenance protocols.